Nineteenth-century ideas of race and racial hierarchy found their way into the theoretical and conceptual orientations of early Egyptology and the interpretations of the Egyptian and Nubian archaeological materials. Consequently, African American and Caribbean scholars developed counternarratives to resist these interpretations as well as restore the ancient Nile Valley to its place in African history. These counternarratives and the epistemological approaches to Egyptian and Nubian history developed within their segregated institutional spaces were largely ignored by mainstream Egyptologists and Africanists. One result of efforts to exclude their ideas from mainstream discourse is the conceptual and disciplinary separation between Egyptology and African studies that current scholarship is now working to resolve.
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