This paper argues that the function of the paired lions in Tel ʿEton Tomb 1 is analogous to that of the lion deities Aker and Ruty from Egyptian funerary contexts. Grounded in an updated survey of the role of lions in Egyptian mortuary iconography, it shows that the inward-facing lions at the entrance to the…
An Egyptian Loanword in the Book of Isaiah and the Deir ‘Alla Inscription: Heb. nṣr, Aram. nqr, and Eg. nṯr as “[Divinized] Corpse”
The Egyptian noun ntr, “god,” provides a plausible explanation for Hebrew נצר in Isa 14:19 and נצורים in 65:4, both of which have thus far defied positive explanation. In Isa 14 it is perfectly suited to mock the king’s divine aspirations; it commonly refers to the deceased king and to the mummified corpse in Egyptian; it…
The Dead and Their Images: An Egyptian Etymology for Hebrew ’ôb
The term ’ôb has long been a philological mystery for scholars of classical Hebrew and Israelite religion. It does not seem to mean the same thing in all instances, and its etymology is unclear and contested. The present article argues that an Egyptian etymology for the term is most likely, and that it refers both to the…